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page 5-1
CHAPTER 5: FILES
This chapter looks in detail at how FREE & EASY handles files. We will
look at the relationship between files and sheets, how computer memory
is handled and how to print files. All features described in this
chapter are accessed through the "File" pull-down menu.
FREE & EASY Files
In FREE & EASY each sheet is stored as a separate DOS file. In many
cases, the terms "sheet" and "file" can be used interchangeably.
Because each sheet is a file, the rules for naming a sheet are similar
to the rules for naming a DOS file. FREE & EASY adds the extension
.FRE to the name of the sheet (file) if you do not add an extension.
This is the recommended practice as it allows you to keep track of and
distinguish between your FREE & EASY files and other files. Each sheet
has a size. The length of the sheet is the "maximum number of lines"
and the width is "maximum line size." As well, the "maximum number of
cells" is also a characteristic of each sheet. Any of these values
defining the size of a sheet (or file) can be changed at any time
during a session of FREE & EASY.
Memory Management
FREE & EASY allocates the computer's memory dynamically. This means
that memory is used as needed, rather than reserving a fixed amount of
memory for a file. Every time you type in a character, start a new
file, use the helps, add or modify a cell or use the clipboard, FREE &
EASY is reallocating memory. This allows the most efficient use of the
computer's memory and permits you to have as much data as possible in
the computer's memory.
During a session of FREE & EASY, it is possible to get an "out of
memory" error. This can happen if you are working on a very large
sheet or on several files (sheets) at the same time. There are many
situations where this error can occur since FREE & EASY is always
reallocating computer memory. You might not even be able to call up a
help screen at this point since the helps have their memory dynamically
allocated. If you get this error message, you can free up some
computer memory by unloading a file or clearing the clipboard.
Adding New Sheets
The "New file ..." menu item can be used to start up a new sheet (or
file) at any time. Any sheet already being worked on by FREE & EASY is
not affected by this command. The only exception to this rule is if
the file "UNTITLED" is loaded and it is completely empty of data (text,
cells, ranges). In this case, this file is unloaded. This menu item
leads to the "New File" pop-up menu.
You must give the new sheet a name under the "File name" menu item.
The file name must conform to the DOS rules. In general, alphanumeric
characters or the underscore character can be used. The file name is
page 5-2
converted to upper case and if a file extension is not specified, FREE
& EASY will add the ".FRE" file extension. If you do not give a valid
file name, either what you have typed will be converted to a valid file
name (if possible) or the error message "File name does not conform to
DOS rules" will be given. FREE & EASY also checks to ensure that the
name you give is not the same as a sheet already loaded in memory. If
it is, a "file by this name is already loaded" error message will
occur. This is because FREE & EASY does not allow two sheets of the
same name to be worked on at the same time.
Although FREE & EASY allows you to add any file extension to the file
name, it is strongly recommended to use the ".FRE" default file
extension. This makes the "Manage" utilities much easier to use. It
also allows you to handle file maintenance more easily as you can
distinguish your FREE & EASY files from other files.
Before you start the new file, you can adjust the file size. The
"Number of lines" may vary from 20 to 2000, the "Line size" from 78 to
1000 and the "number of Cells" from 5 to 500. These numbers all
represent the maximum number of lines, maximum line size and maximum
number of cells which a sheet can have. Any of these values can be
changed later with the "Rename/resize files ..." menu item.
When you choose the "Start new file ..." menu item, FREE & EASY first
checks that you have given a valid file name. If you have not, an
appropriate error message is given. Next, the computer memory is
checked to see if enough memory is free to start the new file. If not,
the "out of memory" error message will be given. Otherwise, a new
sheet is started and you exit from the menu and are in the new file.
Starting a new file in no way affects any of the files (sheets)
presently loaded in your FREE & EASY session.
The next time you call the "New file" menu item, you will find the file
sizes that you previously entered (number of lines, line size, and
number of cells) as the default values.
Moving around a Sheet and from Sheet to Sheet
The "Number of lines" and "line size" you set in the "New file" menu
item will determine the limits of where the cursor can move on the
sheet. The "number of Cells" limits the maximum number of cells which
can be added to the sheet. Remember that these values can always be
changed in the "Rename/resize files" menu item.
At the top of the window where the file is located, there is a number
followed by the name of the sheet (file) e.g. 1:FILE3.FRE. The number
refers to the order in which the file was added. FREE & EASY adds the
files sequentially starting at 1. FREE & EASY allows up to 20 sheets
in memory at one time or until all the memory is used up. (This is
what will usually occur first.)
You can change the file that is in the window by pressing F5. The next
file in memory will appear in the window and the title will change.
Shift-F5 can be used to go to the previous file. The order of these
files can be changed (see chapter on Cell Evaluation). The active file
page 5-3
(or active sheet) is the sheet in which the cursor is found. When you
switch from sheet to sheet, the position of the cursor is remembered so
that when you return to that sheet, you are at the same location as you
were when you left the sheet.
Disk Errors
FREE & EASY has several features where it interacts with a disk,
usually to load a file (sheet) or save a file (sheet). There are
several situations where problems can be encountered, problems that
originate with your computer system or DOS rather than with FREE &
EASY. These are often called "critical errors". In all of these
cases, you have the opportunity to correct the error and attempt the
operation again or cancel the operation.
If you are trying to save a file to a floppy disk and the disk is
"write protected", you get the "write protected disk" warning. In this
case, remove the write protect tab and try again.
If you are attempting to read or write a file to a floppy disk and
there is no floppy in the disk drive or the door latch is opened, you
will get the "Disk drive not ready" warning. Insert a floppy disk
and/or close the door latch and try again.
If you are trying to use a disk that has not been formatted for DOS you
will get the "Disk may not be formatted for DOS" warning. If you wish,
you can temporarily exit FREE & EASY with the "DOS Shell ..." menu item
and format a disk. Nothing is lost in your FREE & EASY session when
you do this.
Occasionally you may get the warning "Error with the disk, Consider
backing up the disk." This occurs if DOS finds some problem with the
disk. You should back up the disk right away and use the backed-up
disk.
Save
The "Save" menu item is used to save the active file (the sheet where
the cursor is found) to disk. You can also use the shortcut key
control-S for this operation. The sheet is saved under its name to the
current directory in the current drive. (These can be changed in the
"Manage" pop-up menu).
FREE & EASY saves sheets to disk in its own special format. These
files can only be meaningfully read by FREE & EASY. (FREE & EASY does
provide a way to save the text portion of the sheet as an ASCII text
file which can be read by other programs.) If the sheet you are saving
has the file name "UNTITLED" you will be asked to specify a file name.
This is because the file name "UNTITLED" is not acceptable to FREE &
EASY as a file to be saved.
Save As
The "Save As ..." menu item is used to save to disk the active sheet
page 5-4
under a name which is different than its current name. After choosing
this item, you are asked to specify a new name. The new name that you
specify must be a valid name (see section "Adding New Sheets" in this
chapter for rules for file name as well as an indication of the errors
that may occur). Again, if you do not add a file name extension, FREE
& EASY will automatically add the extension ".FRE" to the file name.
Once the file has been saved, the name of the file that you have just
saved will be changed to the new name that you have specified.
Save as Text File
It is possible that you might want to import the text portion of one of
your sheets into another program (a word processing program for
example) to do some further work on it. The "save as Text file ..."
menu item allows you to do this by saving the active sheet as a text
file. This command will save the text portion of the sheet (i.e. the
cell data and ranges are not saved) to disk. A carriage return and
line feed is added to the end of each line. Any program which has the
ability to load ASCII text files can now load in the file. You can
also use the DOS "type" command to look at or print the file.
When you choose this menu item, you are asked to specify the name under
which you wish to save the text file. The name that comes up is the
name of the active file with the ".TXT" file extension added. You can
accept this name or type in a new name. If you do not add a file
extension, the extension ".TXT" will be used. Again, the name that you
type in is checked to make sure it is an acceptable file name. See the
section "Adding New Sheets" for details about rules for file names and
errors that can occur.
Save as Make File
The make file is one of the most useful features of FREE & EASY. It
allows you to start a session of FREE & EASY at exactly the same spot
whereyou left off in your previous session. The "save as maKe file
..." menu item generates a make file which is saved to the current disk
drive and directory. The make file contains information about what
files are presently loaded as well as almost everything about the
present status of your FREE & EASY session. Although the command saves
the names of the files or sheets loaded (in the make file), the sheets
themselves are not saved. They can be saved individually themselves or
all saved at once with the "saVe all ..." menu item.
When you choose this menu item, you are asked to specify the name under
which you wish to save the make file. If you do not add a file
extension, the extension ".MAK" is automatically added. The name that
you type in is checked to make sure that it is an acceptable file name.
See the section "Adding New Sheets" for details on rules for file names
and errors that can occur.
The complete list of information contained in the make is as follows:
1. The name of all files presently loaded.
2. The windows which are open as well as which file is in each window
page 5-5
and the position of that file in the window.
3. The area of the sheet which has a highlight.
4. The active file and the active window.
5. The default file. This includes the following:
number of lines
line size
maximum number of cells
6. The insert/overstrike setting.
7. The evaluation defaults. These include the following:
trig functions
search priority for names
check cell evaluation order
search all files for cell names
search all files for variable names
search all files for range names
assign a variable to a cell value
8. The edit defaults. These include the following:
include text in editing
include cells in editing
include ranges in editing
tab settings
9. The find text and the replace text.
10. The search-and-replace present settings. These include the
following:
match upper/lower
whole word
scope
direction
verify
keep line length
11. The present settings of table of cells. These include the
following:
rows
columns
space between rows
space between columns
12. The present settings of table of data. These include the
following:
rows
columns
space between rows
space between columns
starting value
increment
13. The printer defaults. These include the following:
page length
top margin
bottom margin
printer number
add title
stop between pages
Save All
The "saVe all" menu item is used to save to disk all sheets (files)
page 5-6
which are currently being worked on. If the file "UNTITLED" has not
yet been given a proper name, you are asked to name this file. As
well, this command saves a make file (file with ".MAK" file name
extension). See "Save as Make File" section of this chapter for
details on make files. If a make file has not yet been named, you are
asked to assign a file name to the make file.
All file names that are typed in are checked to ensure that they are
acceptable. See the section "Adding New Sheets" for details on rules
for file names and errors that can occur. Before exiting FREE & EASY
this is a good command to give as it ensures that no data is lost and
that you will be able to start your next session of FREE & EASY at the
same spot where you left off during your previous session.
Manage Files
The "Manage ..." menu item in the "File" pull-down menu leads to the
"Manage Files" pop-up menu. From this menu there are many operations
which can be done, including loading and unloading sheets (files),
changing the default file, changing the current path and drive, and
deleting files from the disk. All of these operations are described in
greater detail.
The "Manage Files" pop-up menu has several sections to it and these are
briefly described. The left hand part of the box contains the menu. A
menu item is chosen in the usual way. Across the top of the box is the
current drive and directory. For example: if the directory was
"C:\F&E\BIN", the current drive would be "C:" and the current directory
"BIN". Below this line is the default file. This is usually "*.FRE"
unless you change it yourself. The large box in the middle is all of
the files in the current directory based upon the default file. For
example, if the default file is "*.FRE", then only files with the
".FRE" file extension would be shown. (This is equivalent to giving
the DOS command "DIR *.FRE"). Under the box the number of files
matching the default file is given. The next box to the right shows
the sheets (files) that are presently loaded into FREE & EASY. The
number of files loaded is given below this box. The box at the far
right shows all the paths available from the current directory. The
line at the very bottom of the pop-up menu is the name of the make file
presently loaded (if any).
Computer memory for looking at the contents of various directories is
allocated dynamically. Thus it is possible to get an "out of memory"
error when using any of the "manage file" menu items, or even when
calling up the "manage file" pop-up menu.
Load File
The "Load file" menu item on the "Manage Files" pop-up menu is used to
load from disk a file into FREE & EASY. After choosing this menu item,
use the cursor control keys to highlight the file in the files box that
you wish to load and press Enter or the space bar. Press Escape to go
back to the "Manage Files" menu. To load a file, it must have been
previously saved in the FREE & EASY format. If you try to load a file
page 5-7
that is not in the FREE & EASY format (usually a file with the ".FRE"
file extension is of proper format), the file will not load and you
will get an error message.
You can load up to 20 files or load until all the computer memory is
used up, whichever occurs first. If either one of these conditions
occurs, the appropriate error message will be given and the file will
not load. When a file is successfully loaded, it will appear at the
end of the list in the "loaded" box and the number of files loaded
number will increase by 1. If the file "UNTITLED" is completely empty,
this file will be unloaded before the file is loaded.
It is also possible to get other errors with the disk drive or other
DOS errors. If there is a problem, FREE & EASY will display the
appropriate message with suggestions for corrective action. See the
section "Disk Errors" in this chapter for further explanation of these
types of errors.
Load as Text
The "load TXT" menu item in the "Manage files" pop-up menu is used to
load from a disk a file which is in the ASCII text format. This file
must have been previously saved with the "save as Text file" menu item
or by another program which can save files in this format. After you
choose this menu item, the default file automatically changes to
"*.TXT" if it is in the "*.FRE" form. Otherwise the default file
remains unchanged. After this, choose the file to load by highlighting
the file with the cursor control keys and then press Enter or the space
bar. Press Escape to go back to the manage file menu.
When FREE & EASY loads a text file, it converts the file to its own
type of format for internal use. Cells and ranges can now be added to
the file. If you later save the file, it will be saved in the FREE &
EASY format, unless you save it with the "save as Text file ..." menu
item.
Comments regarding maximum number of files to load and errors that can
occur apply here as they did in the "Load File" section of this
chapter.
It is recommended that you use FREE & EASY text file features when you
want to import or export text files from other programs or use the DOS
"type" command to see or print out a file. Otherwise you should stay
with files which use the FREE & EASY format and ".FRE" file extension.
Load as Make
The "load MAK" menu item in the "Manage files" pop-up menu is used to
inspect a make file and set up FREE & EASY according to information in
this file. The file must have been saved with the "save as maKe file
..." menu item. After you choose this item, if the default file is
"*.FRE" the default file changes to "*.MAK". You then move the
highlight to the file that you want to load and press Enter or the
space bar. If the file you choose is not a make file generated by FREE
page 5-8
& EASY, an error message is given and nothing else happens. If the
file chosen is a make file, all files presently loaded are unloaded.
All "*.FRE" files specified by the make file are then loaded, and then
FREE & EASY is set up according to the instructions in the make file.
See the section "Save as Make File" in this chapter for details about
what the make file will configure. The name of the make file loaded is
now at the bottom of the menu.
Error comments described in the "Load File" section of this chapter
apply to this menu item as well.
Unload
The "Unload" menu item in the "Manage Files" pop-up menu is used to
unload files already loaded into computer memory. After choosing this
menu item, you highlight with the cursor control keys the file that you
wish to unload. Press Enter or the Space Bar to unload the file.
Unload as many files as desired in this way and then press Escape to
return to the menu. If there is only one file left and you delete it,
FREE & EASY automatically starts the empty file "UNTITLED."
When you unload a file, no confirmation is requested. If the file you
are unloading has not been previously saved to disk, there is no way to
recover that file once it has been unloaded.
Delete
The "Delete" menu item in the "Manage Files" pop-up menu is used to
delete files from the current directory of the disk. After you choose
this menu item, you highlight the file that you wish to delete and
press Enter or the Space Bar. You can delete as many files as you wish
and then press Escape to return to the menu.
When you delete a file you are not asked for any confirmation. This
command is equivalent to the DOS "DEL" command. Once deleted, a file
cannot be recovered from the disk (unless you have an "Undelete"
utility). The same disk errors which can occur when you try to load
files apply to this menu item as well.
Directory
The current disk drive and current directory are shown at the top of
the "Manage Files" menu. When a file is saved, this is the place that
it is saved to, and when a file is loaded, this is the place it is
loaded from. This, however, can be changed with the "Directory" menu
item in the "Manage files" pop-up menu.
After you choose this menu item you highlight the new drive or
directory you want and press Enter or the space bar. The number of
drives and directories available is shown at the bottom of the
directory box. The directory at the top of the box will change as will
the files in the file box. This command does not affect the files
loaded or the default file. Press Escape to go back to the menu.
page 5-9
To change the drive, highlight a letter (A:, B:, or C: for example) and
hit enter. To change a directory, highlight a directory or ".." to go
back one directory. Refer to your DOS manual for more details on the
structure of directories, subdirectories, etc.
The same disk errors which can occur when trying to load files apply to
this menu item as well.
Default File
The "dEfault" menu item in the "Manage Files" pop-up menu is used to
set the default file. The default file is used to tell FREE & EASY
which files to display out of the current directory. For example, when
you call up the "Manage Files" pop-up menu it is set to "*.FRE"; thus
only files with the ".FRE" file extension are shown. You could change
the default file to "*.*" in which case all files in the current
directory would be shown. (See your DOS manual for further explanation
of the default file.)
If you do not change the default file, you will find that it changes by
itself for certain menu items. It is recommended that you leave the
default file as is, and as well do not add file extensions when you
save sheets or start new sheets. In this way, there is less chance of
making an error when you are working with files.
Unload MAK
The "uNload MAK" menu item in the "Manage Files" pop-up menu is used to
clear the current make file. The line at the bottom of the Manage
Files box will read "No make file loaded." No other files (e.g. *.FRE
files) are affected by this command.
Unload All
The "unload All" menu item in the "Manage Files" pop-up menu is used to
unload all the files (sheets) presently loaded into computer memory as
well as the make file if one is loaded. After unloading all the files,
FREE & EASY automatically starts the empty file "UNTITLED".
When you choose this menu item, you are asked to confirm that you
really want to unload all the files. If any of the files you are
unloading have not been previously saved to disk, there is no way to
recover the file once it has been unloaded.
Rename/Resize File
When you start up FREE & EASY, the file "UNTITLED" has a default size.
When you add a new file with the "New file ..." menu item, you can
accept the default size or adjust the file to suit your needs. You
also give the new file a name. However, you are free at any time to
change the name and size of the file with the "Rename/resize file ..."
menu item. This menu item leads to the "Rename/Resize File" pop-up
page 5-10
menu.
The "Next file" menu item can be used to look at the size of all files
loaded into memory. This menu item goes through all files
sequentially. At the left side of the box is the file name, and the
maximum allowable lines, line size and cells for that file. At the
right side of the box is the present size of the file, i.e. the number
of lines (last line with text), length of the longest line, number of
cells and number of ranges.
The "File name" menu item is used to change the file name. The file
name must conform to DOS rules for file names. In general, any
alphanumeric or underscore characters can be used. The file name is
converted to upper case, and if a file extension is not specified, FREE
& EASY will add the ".FRE" extension automatically. If you do not give
a valid name, either what you type will be converted to a valid name if
possible, or the error message "File name does not conform to DOS
rules" will be given. FREE & EASY also checks to make sure that the
name you typed in is not the same as a file (sheet) already loaded into
memory. If it is, a "file by this name is already loaded" error is
given. This is because FREE & EASY does not allow two sheets of the
same name to be loaded at the same time.
The menu items "max number Lines", "max line Size" and "max number
Cells" are used to change the maximum allowable size of the file. The
file is not actually changed until the "cHange file" menu item is
chosen. When you change the file, if one or more of the maximum
allowable sizes (Lines, line size or cells) is lower than the present
file size (e.g. if the number of cells is 25, but you set "max number
Cells" to 20), then data will be lost. (In the example given, 5 cells
will be lost). If this is the case, a warning will be given and you
will be asked to confirm that you really want to proceed with this
operation. Once data has been lost, there is no way to recover it
(unless the file has been previously saved to disk).
The "mInimize file size" menu item is used to set the maximum number of
lines, maximum line size, and maximum number of cells to the minimum
value without losing any data. This menu item is useful once you have
completed a sheet and want to minimize a file in order to save computer
memory and disk space. If required, the file can also be made larger
at any time. Do not expect this command to greatly reduce the size of
the file as FREE & EASY is always dynamically allocating computer
memory that the sheets are using in order to keep the sheets to an
optimum size.
Print
The "Print ..." menu item leads to the "Print" pop-up menu which allows
you to print out sheets to a printer. Only the text portion of the
file is printed. If you plan to print out a sheet, it is a good idea
to match the size of the sheet to the size of the printer. For
example, if your printer will print lines 80 columns wide, set your
sheet maximum line size to 80. You can adjust the printer defaults in
the "print dEfaults ..." menu item.
page 5-11
If you tell FREE & EASY to print a sheet and the printer is not turned
on, out of paper, or otherwise unable to print for some reason, the
error message "printer not responding" will be given. You can print
out either the active file, all the files loaded into memory or the
highlighted text of a file only. If you choose the "highlighted text"
menu item and no text has been highlighted, you will get the "no text
has been highlighted" error message. From this pop-up menu, you can
also send a line feed or a form feed to the printer. Since FREE & EASY
uses line feeds instead of a form feed to go to the next page, the
printer can have any number of lines for its form feed.
Print Defaults
The "print dEfaults ..." menu item allows you to adjust the way in
which FREE & EASY prints out sheet(s). The "Page length" menu item
allows you to vary the page length. It can be adjusted from 20 to 300.
For most printers, an 8 1/2 X 11-inch paper has 66 lines. The "top
margin" and "bottom margin" adjust the number of blank lines at the top
and bottom of the page. The range for these is 0 to 10. The "printer
Number" identifies which printer the file is sent to for printing.
Usually this is set to 1. The range is 1 to 4. See your DOS manual
for more information. The "add Title" menu item gives the option of
adding the file title at the top of the first page. You can also use
the "Stop between pages" menu item to have the printing stop to add a
new page to the printer. To change the print defaults you must choose
the "Accept these defaults" menu item.
DOS Shell
The "DOS Shell ..." menu item allows you to temporarily leave FREE &
EASY. The DOS prompt (e.g. c:\F&E\BIN) comes up when this menu item is
selected. In order to use this feature, DOS must be able to find the
file "COMMAND.COM". (See your DOS manual for details about set up of
DOS for your computer.) Otherwise, the "cannot find COMMAND.COM" error
is given. As well, there must be enough memory left to load the
COMMAND.COM. If not, the "out of memory" error message is given. To
return to FREE & EASY, type "EXIT" at the DOS prompt and press Enter.
You will return to FREE & EASY at exactly the same point you left
without any loss of data.
At the DOS prompt, you are free to run any other program (if enough
memory is left) or use other DOS commands.